20 Strange, Wonderful, Useless Information About The Film “casino”

Spilotro, some sort of made-man in the particular Chicago mob, was sent to Las Las vegas in 1971 as an enforcer (per Las Vegas Sun) to ensure their financial pursuits ended uphad been represented. In a show like Gambling establishment, it’s crucial in order to draw a range between the thugs who see them selves as the last honest practitioners involving a tough racket and their actual actions; Scorsese’s refusal to draw a new line between interpretation and endorsement is definitely his hallmark as an artist. Scorsese’s biformity is also noticeable in Casino’s really hellacious violence, like a torture-by-vice pattern featuring a jumped eyeball and a shockingly edited and even sound-designed baseball bat-beating, both these styles which had to be trimmed to avoid an NC-17 rating.

• Incredibly, the person performing the particular act onscreen was Frank Cullotta, that was formerly a mobster and past person in Tony Spilotro’s real-life gang.
• Rather compared to change the name to another town within the Great Ponds region, Scorsese referenced the outfit “back home” as a new humorous compromise.
• Plans also call up for a 200-room hotel, a conference center and the outdoor music area.
• Even Advisor finds himself out of Las Vegas following the casinos usually are all blown up, unable to find a way to obtain last power.
• Ace is denied his or her gambling licence yet, rather than sensibly lying low and even running the organization behind an innocent job title, they fights back simply by choosing to launch his own TELEVISION SET show – ‘Aces High’.
• For years, Rosenthal transformed his job name regularly to avoid detection, but regardless of his name, he was jogging things at the particular four casinos the Argent Corporation owned.

He individuals Spilotro plus helped for typically the Hole inside the Wall gang that dedicated burglaries. Though this was likely associated with no comfort in their eyes, it turns out there it was the particular bosses’ own choices that doomed all of them. If they acquired not put Piscano in control and just made their peace with the small loss of revenue they might have been fine, however greed is what finally dooms them eventually. The mob seemed to be only losing a small amount of their profits, a pretty much meaningless quantity, but any deficits were unacceptable for them. Trying to recover the little losses comes to an end up costing” “them everything, as these people ultimately lose handle of the rewarding Tangiers and Las Vegas. Even Ace finds himself away from Las Vegas following the casinos are usually all blown up, struggling to find a way to acquire back power mostbet bd.

Iconic Casino Scenes From Adam Bond Movies

But in fact, the Spilotros were unknowingly walking directly into the lion’s living area. As part regarding a crew regarding up to 10 men, Calabrese observed the brutal conquering and murder of Anthony and Jordan Spilotro in a new basement. According in order to the informant, on realizing that their fate was sealed, Anthony asked the boys in the room, “Can My answer is a prayer? ” It was July 13, 1986, and after the brothers’ demise, their bodies were dumped inside a cornfield within Enos, Indiana.

• He watches his young son play Little League at school, The Lady of Vegas Catholic School, 3046 Alta Drive, yet things don’t get so well whenever Nicky finds him self created the well known ‘Black Book’ and even barred from just about every casino in the particular city.
• Accompanying Rothstein during his increase is his lifelong friend, mob muscleman Nicky Santoro (Joe Pesci).
• So Nick and I figured we would start with the car overflowing, and he goes up in to the air flow and you observe him in slow-motion, flying over the particular flames like a soul about to consider a dive directly into hell.

Then there’s the break-down associated with style in “Satisfaction, ” from typically the Stones to Devo. I was quite lucky to end up being able to select from over 40 years of audio and” “in many instances to be ready to get it in the film. Does it get worse, as he will get more and a lot more wrapped up throughout his role because casino boss? I think he’s responsible for the mental alienation. You find it when the lady goes to typically the restaurant and your woman says, “I’m Mrs. Rothstein, ” and even the other female says, “Well, you may as well acquire something from it. ” It’s how this individual treats her.

Were The Lion Performers Sam Hired To Be Effective At The Tangiers According To Siegfried In Addition To Roy?

As Ace’s voiceover spells away the intricate details of skimming money in the Casino’s Count Area, the cash is definitely being whisked backside to the mafia bosses via ‘Kansas City’. The center of the real story was the particular Stardust Hotel & Casino (which has been still thriving in 1995 when typically the film was made). To avoid lawful complications it seemed to be fictionalised as the ‘Tangiers’ – though frequent bursts of Hoagy Carmichael’s Stardust upon the soundtrack supply a cheeky clue. The Bach comes back again at the conclusion, followed by simply Hoagy Carmichael. For the splendour of the destruction of this sin city that has to become Bach. Because the old Vegas will be being replaced simply by something that appears seductive, kiddie-friendly, but it’s there to be able to work within the quite core of America, the family mostbet app.

• We do have some issues about being specific, which meant declaring “back home” rather than Chicago, and needing to say “adapted coming from a true story” instead of “this film is founded on a true tale, ” which has been the lawyers’ vocabulary.
• But right after two days in addition to nights of wondering they didn’t know very well what else to do.
• One con artist is usually caught figuratively red-handed and then rendered actually so by the well-placed sledgehammer—the very first act of dreadful violence inside a video that pushes typically the envelope in that division.
• By the last third with the film, Ginger is unquestionably disturbed, she’s no longer in her right mind.
• The explosions plus fireworks are proven during the hotels’ destructions and future constructions symbolize the mob’s loss regarding control over Las Vegas and replacement simply by faceless corporations.

In the extremely first script we started together with the landscape of them battling on the lawn. Then we recognized that it’s too detailed and didn’t create enough remarkable satisfaction in late the picture. So Computer chip and I thought we would start with the car overflowing, and he should go up in to the surroundings and you observe him in slow-motion, flying over typically the flames like a soul going to get a dive into hell. You must work through the whole procedure for these three people who can’t get away from each other. It’s poor enough which they both were unfaithful to be able to each other—the matrimony was in horrible shape as it was—but worse that she starts with Nicky, because Nicky is definitely the muscle. If anybody can find her the funds and jewels it’s Nicky.

The Motion Picture Mirrored Reality

An incredibly important field at the end of “Casino” is usually the infamous getting together with of the mafia bosses in the particular backroom of typically the courthouse. At this specific point, the mob has lost charge of the Tangiers along with other casinos in Vegas after the FBI investigation. While it’s not clear exactly precisely what charges the bosses are facing, it’s related to the illegal manipulation in the Teamsters pension account that got the Tangiers built throughout primaly. “Casino” follows the somewhat true story of the mafia’s control over” “different Las Vegas internet casinos in the 1970s and eighties. In particular, this follows the tale of Sam “Ace” Rothstein and his effort to run typically the Tangiers casino around the strip. Using different methods of extortion, violence, theft, in addition to even murder, typically the mob imposes it is will on Las Vegas’s politics in addition to seedy underbelly.

• Cullotta and his gang were recharged with burglary, experimented with grand larceny, and possession of burglary tools.
• It also demands future casino permits to be given the green light by voters in the county where this would be located.
• The movie explains just how this type of thing came up to affect him or her.
• Did the internal structure from the film change a lot as you proved helpful on it?

As along with most movies that will are according to some sort of true story, there are always some extra portions added in regarding dramatic effect, or some parts of which get changed – and Casino is not any exception. The rest of the ’60s saw Anthony Spilotro avoid imprisonment various times. Having drawn more attention with his suspected participation in a series of murders, because well as illegitimate gambling and racketeering, the mobster has been often penalized using fines but eventually served no prison time. Figuring his good luck was bound to operate out, he remaining Chicago and advancing to Las Vegas on assignment in order to assist with gambling establishment operations for that clothing. The antagonistic romantic relationship between hitman Nicky Santoro and online casino manager Sam “Ace” Rothstein ends up top to both involving their downfalls.

Anthony Spilotro Has Been Killed Alongside The Brother And Typically The Pair Were Hidden In A Cornfield In Indiana

Her husband, Honest “Lefty” Rosenthal, dished up as being the basis with regard to Ginger’s husband Sam “Ace” Rothstein, and even his scene together with the gaming commission was based about a real-life function. Joe Pesci played out just about the most brutal plus psychopathic characters throughout “Casino” as tough guy Nicky Santoro. Throughout the movie, she has people bodily assaulted and murdered, and in one of the most famous (and grotesque) scenes in typically the movie, he tortures a person to death having a bench vise.

• Things get complicated when Ace falls headlong for Ginger (Sharon Stone), a tough Vegas cookie who doesn’t return typically the same passion yet is nevertheless pleased to enter into an ‘understanding’.
• Very usually the people I actually portray can’t assist but maintain that will way of lifestyle.
• In 06 1986, they gone into the basement of a property near Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport.
• And in that article it slowly began to unravel, this outstanding ten-year adventure that most these people have been having, culminating inside this husband and wife quarrelling on their grass, with her awesome his car, the police arriving, and even the” “FBI taking pictures.

Invited to attend a meetup in a distant Illinois cornfield, these people are brutally crushed with baseball bats upon arriving, stripped of their clothes, and buried alive in a shallow grave. With typically the Mafia now out and about of the gambling establishment industry, nearly almost all the old casinos will be demolished, and brand new casinos are constructed with money through junk bonds. Sam laments the newest corriente, corporate-run resorts regarding Las Vegas.

Martin Scorsese And Joe Pesci’s Iconic ‘casino’ Scene

“On line casino in some values is director Martin Scorsese dialing Goodfellas up to 11. Well heihei is throughout Chairman from the panel brashness and lurid VEGAS BABY! Sindulgence, where gambling ruler and long-term gaming licensee in waiting around Sam “Ace” Rothstein (Robert De Niro) funnels money out there the back entrance of the fictional Tangiers hotel he all but runs intended for the mob elders back East.

• 1970’s.
• Disobeying orders, Piscano keeps detailed written records in the operation.
• They were ready to work with your pet initially because he or she ran the casino and they had connections with the mob bosses, nevertheless in the final they could never accept that relationship because of its shady implications.
• Don Rickles, Robert De Niro and Martin Scorsese share behind-the-scenes occasions from filming Online casino, talk about Don’s friendship with the particular real Ace Rothstein, Lefty Rosenthal, and even how Don could get away using teasing people like Frank Sinatra plus Johnny Carson.

This is a response to his engagement with the internet casinos as a mafia enforcer in Todas las Vegas. In the particular” “film, Nicky doesn’t take this kindly, believing he or she is above the legislation and really should not be excluded through the internet casinos because of his or her mob ties. Similarly, Santoro’s real-life equal Spilotro was in addition put into the Black Book in 1979, and per the Las Vegas Sun, was only removed after his dying, proving this exile is a lifelong condition. Without stinting around the viciousness, Scorsese still conveys a great element of melancolía in Casino, though it’s less because the movie is certain by Ace plus Nicky’s vision with the good old days than it will be skepticism over what will eventually replace them.

Martin Scorsese

In true life, Rosenthal has been also banned by casinos in Nevada. They added Rosenthal to the Dark Book in 1987, years after burning off his court challenge to obtain a gaming certificate. Rosenthal continued to fight to have got his name taken out of the Black Guide and succeeded in the district court in 1990, but inside 1991, the Nevasca Supreme Court turned this decision in addition to his name always been in the Dark Book until his or her death in 08 (per Nevada NewsMakers). You’ve worked together with Dante Ferretti in a amount of motion pictures. What type of partnership do you include when it comes to planning the overall look of a film?

• This did
• As The Mob Art gallery points out, Turmeric Rothstein was based upon former Las Vegas showgirl Geri Rosenthal.
• I knew Louis Prima had to be able to be in there, yet we reached that later, and I remember the Bach seemed to be the first factor I had fashioned in mind.
• At first all of us had split that up throughout the film, but that was too little as well late, although around the page it appeared all right.

the almost all tragic moments inside Rosenthal’s life had been the death associated with his ex-wife Geri from a drug overdose. Every main character in Casino is dependent on a real-life individual.

Beyond The Frame: Casino

Evidence is definitely” “increasing up and as the arrests commence, the mob decides to rub out there any loose stops. They’re in the particular striking glass ‘goldfish bowl’ of Oscar’s Steakhouse, area of the Plaza Hotel & On line casino, 1 South Primary Street, having its wonderful view down Fremont Street (now the flashy Fremont Streets Experience). Believe this or not, before the glass roof had been added, this brought up structure was as soon as the hotel’s diving pool. The obstinate Ace is simply not about to back down and counters by simply claiming that it’s Nicky who ought to take a little while away from.

• However, he didn’t shed his calm plus made a large win with the poker prowess in addition to quick-thinking abilities.
• This was obviously a legal concern with the facility, as through Movie Stories.
• Here are a lot photos taken behind-the-scenes during production involving Martin Scorsese’s Gambling establishment.
• But petty grievances above trivial matters aside, Scorsese’s adapted screenplay” “and even Pesci’s chilling overall performance paint an exact portrait of the ruthlessly violent guy and capture typically the essence of the sinister spirit.
• Rosenthal in mob-run Vegas during the

He wouldn’t perhaps cop to staying left-handed, in revenge of his play name. Starting in 1950, Rosenthal ran the biggest illegal bookmaking office in the particular U. S. intended for the Chicago Clothing. Born in Chicago on June 13, 1929, Lefty became up at the particular track.

Everything Casino Doesn’t Explain To You About The Real Story

So what you’re next is the origins of Ace arriving to Vegas, next the beginnings involving Nicky in Las vegas and the starting of Nicky in addition to his wife throughout Vegas and the child. Then Ace is usually succeeding in Vegas, and what’s Nicky doing? Then that will takes us to be able to Nicky rising, which usually is his montage of robbery—“I’m remaining here, you’re to not get rid” “regarding me. ” He creates his option empire.

• Sharon Stone was selected for” “an ideal Actress Oscar and won the Fantastic Globe Award for optimum Actress in a Motion Picture – Theatre.
• Here we acquire a look in three of typically the most iconic casino scenes from James Bond movies, where the man Bond built exceptional strides by simply winning various high-stakes games.
• triangle between Rothstein, McKenna, and Santoro within the movie plays a pivotal
• Scorsese and Pileggi had no way of knowing exactly what really became regarding the character’s real-life counterparts, Anthony and even Michael Spilotro, for the reason that full details regarding their murders were not revealed till long after the particular film came out.
• Because of his reputation as a dependable and high one earning the money for the outfit, Mike is allowed in order to live, moving to San Diego plus returning to sports activities handicapping; “right back where I started out, ” as Mike puts it before inquiring, “Why mess upward a good factor? And that’s that will. “

Sam “Ace” Rothstein, performed by Robert Sobre Niro, was dependent on the renowned gambler Frank “Lefty” Rosenthal; Joe Pesci’s Nicky Santoro has been according to Anthony Steve “Ant” Spilotro; Sharon Stone’s Ginger McKenna will be based upon Geri McGee, Rosenthal’s wife. Phillip Green (Kevin Pollak) is based on Allen Glick, who owned the particular Argent Corporation. His company borrowed funds from your Teamsters pay for to acquire casinos. Another mistake was in order to meet Nicky Santoro (Joe Pesci) whenever they were both kids in Manhattan. Nicky is some sort of thief and a new killer, who arrives to Vegas, types a crew plus” “throws his weight about.

The Main Heroes Were Based Upon Real-life People

After he pushes one guy’s head in a vise, the term goes out and about that he’s the particular mob’s enforcer. Not true, but folks believe it, plus soon Nicky’s title is being linked with his old pal Ace in most the newspapers. One day, however, problems finds him, within the person associated with Ginger McKenna (Sharon Stone), a high-priced call girl. In an early screen with the brutal procedures he’d become known for in Las Vegas, Spilotro tormented McCarthy and Miraglia before murdering them. As is depicted in Casino, though in a diverse context, he travelled as much as placing McCarthy’s head in a vice and blending it until his eye popped out there of its plug. Sadistic as these people were, Spilotro’s initiatives didn’t go undetected.

• The actual fellow this is certainly based in told me they saw the fire flames coming out regarding the air conditioning unit first, and didn’t know exactly what it may be.
• You see, it’s not so a lot the Bach that begins the movie as the John Prima that reductions it off, building a strong shock effect.
• The 1st newspaper article Nick Pileggi showed myself involved the law enforcement covering a home-based fight on a garden in Vegas one particular Sunday morning.
• When we see them close to a table, they’re like a group painted by Frans Hals.
• As Cullotta detailed throughout a 2009 job interview with VladTV, having been both a specialized consultant and acting professional in “Casino. ” Cullotta, an publicly stated killer, provided Scorsese with onset suggestions about how to make the movie a lot more authentic.

But the viewers from the film ought to be moved by the music.” “[newline]Even though you may well not like the individuals and what they did, they’re still people and it’s the tragedy as far as I’m worried. The mustard-yellow go well with, the dark navy-blue silk shirt with navy-blue tie, along with crimson jacket. Our rituals each morning, when we narrowed along the idea of which attire, would have been to choose which often shirt, then which usually tie, then which in turn jewelry. If a person look closely, typically the watch faces generally match the clothes—even the watch this individual wears when this individual turns the combustion on.

The Ending Proves There Is No Way Out From The Cosca Alive

He seemed to be thrown from the particular car and experienced minor burns and even a few cracked ribs. Scorsese explains to his story with the energy and pacing he’s famous with regard to, sufficient reason for a wealth of little specifics that feel just right. There is a new universal need in order to believe in an outfit that is present outside the rules and can get points done. A typical rise-and-fall gangster legendary, and something of Martin Scorsese’s crowning achievements, Casino provides some sort of showcase for Anthony Spilotro’s criminal uses via Pesci’s goliath performance. Much like the actor’s portrayal of Tommy DeVito in Goodfellas, Nicky Santoro is the particular personification of unshakable pride coupled with greed and vice, a man who else lived and controlled in defiance involving forces greater compared to him. Metaphorically, typically the man charged along with aiding and improving the mob’s understanding on Las Las vegas overplayed his hands and paid the particular ultimate price.

• Figuring the good luck has been bound to manage out, he kept Chicago and headed to Las Las vegas on assignment in order to assist with online casino operations for that costume.
• In fact, he’s there to keep everybody happy in addition to keep everything as a way, and to make as much cash as possible and so they can consider more on typically the skim.
• In Las Las vegas, two best friends — a casino executive and a cosca enforcer — contend for a betting empire and the fast-living, fast-loving socialite.
• Don’t think you’re better as compared to me, or as compared to the people a person grew up together with.
• But just just how much of the film Casino was centered on real living events?
• There’s Brenda Shelter singing “Hurt”; typically the Velvetones doing “The Glory of Love”—there’s a lot, more than fifty-five pieces My partner and i think.

In arguably the particular most iconic death of gangster movie history, Pesci’s Santoro and his brother, Dominick, are ambushed by simply Frank “Frankie” Marinaro after the car bombing of Rothstein. A stickler for information, Rosenthal found out there that Spilotro acquired been skimming funds even his mafia bosses didn’t know about.

Did They Really Put A Rival’s Head In A Vise Following He Shot Upward A Bar?

The ‘Oscar’ in the restaurant’s title is Oscar Goodman, who was the lawyer to the real-life figures, and contains a cameo in the film since the lawyer dealing with Ace and Ginger’s divorce proceedings. It’s like one’s whole life passing before you in a extended second. The actual other this really is based on told me he or she saw the fire flames coming out associated with the air health unit first, and didn’t know what it can be. Then he looked down in addition to saw his equip on fire and he thought of their kids.

• The 2024 movie September 5 tells the real story involving the hostage problems that occurred in the 1972 Munich Olympics from the perspective of reporters.
• A period part placed in the flamboyant Seventies, Casino corelates the story of Sam “Ace” Rothstein (Robert De Niro), the expert handicapper which enters top of the echelons of the Las Vegas crime world when he is selected with the Mafia to head a cash-rich wagering concern.
• In the really first script we started using the field of them fighting on the lawn.
• The wasteland scene featuring DeNiro and Pesci seen here was shot with two cams, as were many others in the photo.

The front door wasn’t properly locked, so he presented and was got by two Key Service men who else happened to become casing the joint because of Ronald Reagan’s visit typically the following week. They pulled” “him or her aside and that was only any time the car went up that this individual realized it was intentional—at first he’d thought it seemed to be any sort of accident. Once a person realize you could have been killed, then you definitely never forget those moments. The most outstanding thing about the film’s structure is that you focus on Ace being blown up.

Were Nicky Santoro And His Brother, Dominick, Really Killed?

Although Nicky dutifully continues to pay back the bosses, it’s not necessarily typically the full amount they will might expect. Despite the technicality involving not having a new gaming licence, Ace’s expertise turns about the casino’s performance and he detects his success rewarded with a Certificate of Appreciation. Things start to get complicated when Ace falls headlong for Ginger (Sharon Stone), a difficult Vegas cookie which doesn’t return typically the same passion yet is nevertheless pleased to enter into a great ‘understanding’.

• Rosenthal seemed to be convicted for bribing a college field hockey player to slice points during the game in North Carolina in 1962.
• Martin Scorsese’s 1995 film “Casino” is one associated with the most epic gangster movies ever made.
• With a license to eliminate, Bond faces away against various villains and criminal organizations, employing high-tech gadgets, espionage, and charm.
• I just thought it had been really wonderful, using nobody trusting anybody.
• Rosenthal appointed private detectives to be able to track McGee in addition to found she have been secretly seeing Spilotro.

On Oct. 4, 1982, a bomb proceeded to go off under Rosenthal’s car outside some sort of Tony Roma’s Eating place. He may have got been” “funded by the Teamsters but he owed his life to be able to the United Automobile Workers. Rosenthal has been saved by a material plate place in by the carmakers to stabilize the driver’s seat.

An Underrated And Undervalued Scorsese Classic

In fact, he’s there to retain everybody happy plus keep everything to be able, and to make as much funds as possible and so they can get more on the skim. But the problem is he has to offer way occasionally to certain people in addition to certain pressures, which usually he won’t do because of that he is. Crime writer Nicholas Pileggi is at the method of turning this kind of complex tale right into a book, and ended up collaborating with their Goodfellas partner Scorsese again on a screenplay, both publishing together over a good intensive five-month period in 1994. Characters were reshaped plus reimagined, sometimes several condensed into one. Scorsese and Pileggi walked a legitimate tightrope, having to note that the film was “adapted coming from a true story” instead of “based on a true story. ” This may lead in order to the amusing” “screen title substitute regarding “Back home” with regard to Chicago at one point. The real life Rosenthal did certainly not own a gaming permit.

• One of
• In the end, the mob loses control over Las Vegas, irreparably changing the location forever.
• The photo was Richardson’s 1st use of the Super 35 file format, which is why he had mixed feelings.
• Ginger herself succumbs to a ‘hot’ Z in the fermeture of a explanation ‘Los Angeles’ conventional hotel.

After a couple of rookie stories, that will jump to “Old Man Bond” experienced pretty jarring. It seems as” “nevertheless there should’ve been another story to be able to bridge the space. Craig’s Bond necessary another movie in which he’d learned typically the ropes, gotten good at his job, and figured out typically the details of lookout before becoming negative and preparing in order to hang up the tuxedo. The basic idea of driving Le Chiffre in order to lose and enquire with regard to refugee status from the British govt and provide useful data. At the certain point in the particular scene, when Connect risks a high risk, the intensity of the scene increases.

‘casino’s Nicky Santoro Is Usually Based On Anthony “the Ant” Spilotro

Green ultimately ends up turning state’s observe and reveals everything about the mob’s role in extortion and fraud. Just since the mob was able to move into Vegas and rapidly establish a residency through illegal indicates, they were also compelled out just because quickly on the identical illegalities. It’s the bitter irony of which without breaking the law they will never could have gotten control of Las vegas, but their constant law-breaking is also what eventually receives them dumped. Following Stone’s death, some sort of rash of ex – mobsters connected with the casino will be murdered by henchmen.

• Despite the technicality involving not having some sort of gaming licence, Ace’s expertise turns close to the casino’s prospects and he discovers his success paid with a Document of Appreciation.
• There’s something concerning the wallpaper, anything, the laundry on typically the walls—that says the great deal regarding character.
• You could make eight films about every single of those character types, all different, and I don’t know if I did justice to any of them.
• Green eventually ends up turning state’s observe and reveals every thing about the mob’s role in extortion and fraud.

Throughout the 2000s, Scorsese would create increasingly massive gambles with studio assets, producing five $100 million-plus movies, some sort of fact that doesn’t undermine Casino’s despairing subtext so significantly as vindicate this throughout. “I can still make money for all types of people back again home, ” says Ace by way of explaining precisely why, after the lack of everyone he appropriately or wrongly loved or trusted and the reupholstering of their stomping grounds, this individual refuses to move. You follow typically the same rule because in Goodfellas to stay the music strictly in period? When Ace and Nicky must talk, right after the argument inside the desert, these people get into a car in the car port to have the private conversation. And what’s playing is usually “Go Your Individual Way” by Fleetwood Mac, that is a essential song in the mid-late seven-ties. No make a difference what the feeling of the chat, those tunes is playing.